“The past is for most Americans, unfortunately, rather meaningless,” the poet Robert Hayden said in 1976. “But some of us are aware of it as a long, tortuous, and often bloody process of becoming.

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Disproportionately Impacted. Dear Anarcha Without Anesthesia During Surgery with Sims. Dear Fannie and the Mississippi Appendectomies with the Sick and Tired Ceaseless Sonnet Crown.

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In 2019, Juneteenth will be celebrated as emancipation was in the old days: with calls for reparations. As the country marks 154 years since news of the end of slavery belatedly came to Texas, the House Judiciary Committee will hold a hearing on the subject of reparations for black Americans.

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Two hundred fifty years of slavery. Ninety years of Jim Crow. Sixty years of separate but equal. Thirty-five years of racist housing policy. Until we reckon with our compounding moral debts, America will never be whole.

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This article was published online on February 9, 2021. On a rainy Thursday afternoon in November, I stepped inside the National Museum of African American History and Culture, in Washington, D.C.

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In 2002 I was at the University of Iowa conducting research on the history of Emancipation Day celebrations in the state.

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Two centuries ago, a woman named Esther claimed her freedom. The enslaved woman filed a suit against her enslaver, Bernard H. Buckner, on behalf of herself and her two children in federal court.

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